Zoological collections during revolutions, reforms, and wars: Ukraine’s
experience in the 20th and 21st centuries
Igor Zagorodniuk
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0523-133X
National
Museum of Natural History, NAS of Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine)
Cite as
Zagorodniuk, I.
2025. Zoological collections during revolutions, reforms, and wars: Ukraine’s
experience in the 20th and 21st centuries. GEO&BIO, 27: 14–60.
[In Ukrainian, with English summary]
doi: https://doi.org/10.53452/gb2704
pdf: gb2704_14-60-zag-fin.pdf
Abstract
This paper
provides a review of the most illustrative cases of losses sustained by natural history
collections during extreme periods in the life of museums and society, particularly in times
of war and revolution. It explores the principal risk factors threatening the existence and
preservation of collections in their original condition and presents an analysis of losses
arising from breaches of storage conditions or the relocation of collections. The particular
vulnerability of small collections—most of which do not hold official museum status, such as
researchers’ working collections, laboratory comparative series, and thematic cabinets
of educational institutions—is highlighted. In contrast, large collections with the status
of natural history museums are comparatively well protected, owing to the presence of staff
and clearly defined professional responsibilities, especially where personnel are actively
involved in expanding collections and curating exhibitions. During periods of crises,
including wars and revolutions, such collections benefit from a relatively high level of
protection and care, enabled by a range of factors: formal responsibilities of staff
(particularly administrators and curators), state oversight (through administrative
decisions and resource allocation, particularly for collections recognised as national
heritage), and the civic engagement of individual employees (especially among collectors and
researchers). Examples are provided from three historical periods: the First World War and
the Ukrainian Revolution (predominantly 1914–1921), the Second World War (predominantly
1941–1946), and the ongoing Russian intervention and war against Ukraine (since 2014). The
most extensive losses have occurred during the third period, due to the aggressor’s
use of excessive military force, including the bombing of cities—and thus museums or nearby
urban areas—resulting in the destruction of buildings, the displacement of staff, and the
suspension of any form of custodianship over collections. In occupied territories, numerous
instances of museum looting have been recorded, including the organised looting and forcible
export of collections; however, such cases involving natural history collections have been
relatively few. Based on the analysis of the documented cases, a set of measures is proposed
to support the preservation of collections and their most valuable specimens.
Key
words: natural history museums, zoological collections, social upheavals,
collection relocations, Ukraine.
Correspondence to
Igor Zagorodniuk;
National Museum of Natural History, NAS of Ukraine; 15 Bohdan Khmelnytsky Street, Kyiv,
01030 Ukraine; Email: zoozag@ukr.net
Article
info
Submitted: 11.03.2025. Revised: 08.06.2025. Accepted: 30.06.2025
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